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1306

March 25 - Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scotland. He became one of Scotland's greatest kings, as well as one of the most famous warriors of his generation, eventually leading Scotland during the Wars of Scottish Independence against the Kingdom of England.

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1305

August 5 - English troops capture William Wallace in Glasgow, Scotland.

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1304

July 20 - Petrarch, Italian poet, is born. He was also a scholar, and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists. He is often popularly called the "father of humanism". He is also credited with perfecting the sonnet, making it one of the most popular art forms to date.

Re: Important people
 

1303

20 April: Pope Boniface VIII founds the University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy

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1302

Cimabue, Florentine painter who discovered Giotto, dies. He is generally regarded as the last great painter working in the Byzantine tradition.

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1301

Dante is sent into exile from Florence

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1300

Jean Buridan, French philosopher and religious skeptic, is born. He sowed the seeds of the Copernican revolution in Europe and was one of the most famous and influential philosophers of the later Middle Ages. He also developed the concept of impetus, the first step toward the modern concept of inertia.

Re: Important people
 

1299

King Håkon V Magnusson moves the capital of Norway from Bergen to Oslo, and builds Akershus fortress in Oslo. Norway is ruled from this fortress the next 500 years.

Re: Important people
 

1298

While in prison in Genoa, Marco Polo dictates his Travels to a local writer

Re: Important people
 

1297

Canonization of Louis IX, King of France

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1296

Dnyaneshwar, Hindu saint and poet, dies. He was the first noteworthy proponent of Bhagawat sampradaya, a sect of Bhakti tradition in Hinduism. Dnyaneshwar composed Bhavarthadeepika or Dnyaneshwari, to explain Krishna's Sanskrit teachings of Bhagavad Gita to the masses.

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1295

Mongol leader Ghazan Khan is converted to Islam, ending a line of Tantric Buddhist leaders.

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1294

Roger Bacon, philosopher and scientist, dies. Also known as Doctor Mirabilis which in Latin means "wonderful teacher", he was one of the most famous Franciscan friars of his time. An English philosopher who placed considerable emphasis on empiricism, he was one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method.

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1293

Dante Alighieri completes the book of verse La Vita Nuova

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1292

Jacobus de Voragine, Italian chronicler, dies. Also archbishop of Genoa he was the author of the Golden Legend, one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages.

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1291

The artificial Kunming Lake is constructed as a reservoir for Beijing in Yuan Dynasty China by famous engineer and astronomer Guo Shoujing.

Re: Important people
 

1290

Beatrice Portinari, object of Dante Alighieri's adoration, dies. She was the principal inspiration for Dante Alighieri's Vita Nuova. She also appears as his guide in The Divine Comedy (La Divina Commedia) in the last book, Paradise and in the last four canti of Purgatory. She has been immortalized not only in Dante's poems but in paintings by Pre-Raphaelite masters and poets.

Re: Important people
 

1289

Japan: Prince Subaru conquers the province of Saitama

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1288

Gersonides, Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer, is born. He was also was the most prominent master of the Armenian illuminated manuscript in the Middle Ages

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1287

January 17 - The Treaty of San Agayz is signed. King Alfonso III of Aragon conquers the island of Minorca from the Moors

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1286

July 30 - Bar-Hebraeus, Syrian scholar, dies. He is noted for his works addressing philosophy, poetry, language, history, and theology; he has been called "one of the most learned and versatile men from the Syriac Orthodox Church.

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1285

The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King Edward I of England, defines the jurisdictions of church and state in England, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.

Re: Important people
 

1284

Siger of Brabant, Flemish theologian, dies. He was one of the inventors and major proponents of Averroism. It is suggested that he played as an important role as his contemporary Thomas Aquinas in the shaping of Western attitudes towards faith and reason.

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1283

King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of the Sukhothai kingdom, Thailand, creates the Thai alphabet, according to tradition.

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1282

The Archbishop of Canterbury orders all synagogues of London to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews

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1281

Richard De Bury, English statesman, is born. He was an English writer, bibliophile, Benedictine monk and bishop. He was a patron of learning, and one of the first English collectors of books. He is chiefly remembered for his Philobiblon, written to inculcate in the clergy the pursuit of learning and the love of books.

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1280

Kazimierz I was the second Duke of Cieszyn. born in 1280

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1279

April 14 - Duke Boleslaus of Greater Poland dies. Boleslaus granted the first written privilege to the Jews of Greater Poland (the Privilege of Boleslau of Kalisz). It regulated the judicial authority over the Jewish population, and Jewish credit and trading activity. The comparatively liberal statute served as a basis for Jewish privileges in Poland until 1795.

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1278

May 8 - Emperor Duanzong of Song China dies of illness and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing, who became Emperor Bing of Song.

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1277

October 27 - Walter de Merton, Lord Chancellor of England and founder of Merton College, Oxford, dies.

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1276

January 21 - Pope Innocent V succeeds Pope Gregory X as the 185th pope.

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1275

Ramon Llull establishes a school in Majorca to teach Arabic to preachers in an attempt to aid proselytizing to Moors. He also discovers diethyl ether.

Re: Important people
 

1274

Pope Gregory X, Italy, decrees that conclaves (meetings during which the electors have no contact with the outside) should be used for papal elections, reforming the electoral process which had taken over 3 years to elect him.

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1273

July 15 - Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader, is born. He was a forceful advocate for the Ethiopian form of observing the Sabbath. His followers, known as the House of Ewostatewos (individuals are known as Ewostathians), have been a historic force in the Ethiopian church.

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1272

Mamluk sultan Baibars of Egypt invades the weakening kingdom of Makuria to the south.

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1271

Hajji Bektash Wali, Turkish mystic, dies. He is the eponym of the Bektashi Sufi order and is considered as one of the principal teachers of Alevism. He is also a renowned figure in the history and culture of both Ottoman Empire and modern day Turkey.

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1270

King Louis IX of France launches the Eighth Crusade in an attempt to recapture the crusader states from the Mamluk sultan Baibars; the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis.

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1269

Vedantadesika, Hindu poet and philosopher, is born. He is considered the second greatest Sri Vaishnava writer. In addition to be a great poet and philosopher, he was also a devotee and master-teacher.

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1268

King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria.

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1267

Giotto di Bondone, Italian painter and architect, is born. He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance.

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1266

Hetoum II, King of Armenia was born