Re: Event of the Year
 

1286

:jossun:

- March 7 - The Catholicon, a religious Latin dictionary, is completed by John Balbi of Genoa.

- March 19 - King Alexander III of Scotland dies in a horse accident with only the 3-year-old Margaret of Scotland as an heir; this sets the stage for the First war of Scottish Independence and increased influence of England over Scotland.

- In Laos, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a coup d'etat led by his son Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant Mongol Empire (Yuan dynasty of China).

Re: Event of the Year
 

1285

The Second statute of Westminster is passed in England, reforming various laws; it includes the famous clause de donis conditionalibus, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law in England.

Re: Event of the Year
 

1284

:jossun:

- King Charles II of Naples is captured in a naval battle off Naples by Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon.

- The Statute of Rhuddlan is created, formally incorporating Wales into England in the entity England and Wales.

- The Italian city-state of Genoa defeats its rival Pisa in the naval Battle of Meloria, ending Pisa's marine power and hastening the city's decline in power.

Re: Event of the Year
 

October 3 - Death by drawing and quartering is first used as a form of capital punishment (for the newly created crime of high treason) by King Edward I of England in his execution of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, the last ruler of an independent Wales.
The Libro de los juegos, an early European treatise on board games (including chess, dice, and a version of backgammon), is commissioned by King Alfonso X of Castile between 1251 and 1283

Re: Event of the Year
 

1282

- March 30 - The Sicilian rebellion known as the Sicilian Vespers begins against the rule of Angevin King Charles I of Sicily; over the next six weeks, thousands of French are killed. The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the Ninth Crusade while still en route to the target city of Constantinople, and allows King Peter III of Aragon to take over rule of the island from Charles (which in turn leads to Peter's excommunication by Pope Martin IV).

- March - Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother to Prince of Wales Llywelyn the Last, attacks an English castle; his brother feels compelled to support him despite poor preparation for war, quickly leading to the final English conquest of Wales by King Edward I of England.

- Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph I of Germany invests his sons Albert I of Germany and Rudolph II of Austria as co-rulers of the duchies of Austria and Styria, thus founding the Habsburg dynasty in those territories.

- Floris V, Count of Holland defeats the Frisians at the battle of Vronen and retrieves the body of his father, some 26 years dead.

Re: Event of the Year
 

1281

Pope Martin IV authorizes the Ninth Crusade against the newly re-established Byzantine Empire in Constantinople; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year

Re: Event of the Year
 

1280

:jossun:

- Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China is begun.

- The final expansion of the Lincoln Cathedral is completed.

- King Magnus I of Sweden founds a Swedish nobility by enacting a law accepting a contribution of a cavalry-member in lieu of ordinary tax payments.

- King Edward I of England forms the Court of King's Bench to hear petitions for justice instead of the king hearing them himself.

Re: Event of the Year
 

1279

Kublai Khan's Mongol Yuan Dynasty defeats the Song Dynasty in the Battle of Yamen. This completes the Mongol conquest of China and exterminates the Song Dynasty.

:cry-2:

Re: Event of the Year
 

1278

August 26 - Kings Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat King Otakar II of Bohemia in the Battle of Marchfield, a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knights in the Middle Ages. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe, and Rudolph's Habsburg family will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.

Re: Event of the Year
 

1277

St George's cross is first used as the flag of England.