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538 BC

Return of some Jews from Babylonian exile who build the Second Temple about seventy years after the destruction of the First Temple, from 520–516 BC; This account is noted in the Old Testament of the Bible at 2 Chronicles 36:20-23 and Ezra 1:1-5. The year 538 BCE also begins the reign of the Medo-Persian King Cyrus the Great, according to Biblical writer of 2 Chronicles 36:22.

539 BC

Babylon is conquered by Cyrus, defeating Nabonidus; noted in such documents as that of Africanus, Ptolemy, Eusebius, and Diodorus.

540 BC

Amasis Painter makes Dionysos with maenads, black-figure decoration on an amphora. It is now at Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.

541 BC

The Shining Duke becomes the ruler of Lu.

542 BC

Birth of Prince Cairbe of Ireland!

543 BC

North Indian Prince Vijaya invades Ceylon and establishes a Sri Lankan dynasty.

544 BC

Birth of Sun Tzu, the author of The Art of War, an immensely influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy.

545 BC

Death of Zhou ling wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China

546 BC

Cyrus the Great establishes a garrison in Sardis and incorporates the Greek cities of Ionia in Asia Minor into Persian Empire. Thus he gains the important ports that look out to the Mediterranean world.

547 BC

Death of Croesus, king of Lydia. He was the son of Alyattes. He continued his father's policy of conquering the Ionian cities of Asia Minor, but on the whole he was friendly to the Greeks, and he is supposed to have given refuge to the Athenian statesman Solon. Threatened by Cyrus the Great of Persia, Croesus allied himself with Amasis II of Egypt and Nabonidus of Babylonia against the Persian might, but the alliance was of no avail. Cyrus defeated and captured Croesus, and, according to Herodotus, Croesus cast himself upon a funeral pyre.